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# Remote API authentication

Remote communications with the Incus daemon happen using JSON over HTTPS.

To be able to access the remote API, clients must authenticate with the Incus server. The following authentication methods are supported:

- TLS client certificates

- OpenID Connect authentication

## TLS client certificates

When using TLS client certificates for authentication, both the client and the server will generate a key pair the first time they’re launched. The server will use that key pair for all HTTPS connections to the Incus socket. The client will use its certificate as a client certificate for any client-server communication.

To cause certificates to be regenerated, simply remove the old ones. On the next connection, a new certificate is generated.

### Communication protocol

The supported protocol must be TLS 1.3 or better.

It’s possible to force Incus to accept TLS 1.2 by setting the `INCUS_INSECURE_TLS` environment variable on both client and server. However this isn’t a supported setup and should only ever be used when forced to use an outdated corporate proxy.

All communications must use perfect forward secrecy, and ciphers must be limited to strong elliptic curve ones (such as ECDHE-RSA or ECDHE-ECDSA).

Any generated key should be at least 4096 bit RSA, preferably 384 bit ECDSA. When using signatures, only SHA-2 signatures should be trusted.

Since we control both client and server, there is no reason to support any backward compatibility to broken protocol or ciphers.

### Trusted TLS clients

You can obtain the list of TLS certificates trusted by an Incus server with `incus config trust list`.

Trusted clients can be added in either of the following ways:

- Adding trusted certificates to the server

- Adding client certificates using tokens

The workflow to authenticate with the server is similar to that of SSH, where an initial connection to an unknown server triggers a prompt:

1. When the user adds a server with `incus remote add`, the server is contacted over HTTPS, its certificate is downloaded and the fingerprint is shown to the user.

2. The user is asked to confirm that this is indeed the server’s fingerprint, which they can manually check by connecting to the server or by asking someone with access to the server to run the info command and compare the fingerprints.

3. The server attempts to authenticate the client:

   - If the client certificate is in the server’s trust store, the connection is granted.

   - If the client certificate is not in the server’s trust store, the server prompts the user for a token. If the provided token matches, the client certificate is added to the server’s trust store and the connection is granted. Otherwise, the connection is rejected.

It is possible to restrict a TLS client’s access to Incus via TLS authorization. To revoke trust to a client, remove its certificate from the server with `incus config trust remove <fingerprint>`.

#### Adding trusted certificates to the server

The preferred way to add trusted clients is to directly add their certificates to the trust store on the server. To do so, copy the client certificate to the server and register it using `incus config trust add-certificate <file>`.

#### Adding client certificates using tokens

You can also add new clients by using tokens. Tokens expire after a configurable time (`core.remote_token_expiry`) or once they’ve been used.

To use this method, generate a token for each client by calling `incus config trust add`, which will prompt for the client name. The clients can then add their certificates to the server’s trust store by providing the generated token when prompted.

Note

If your Incus server is behind NAT, you must specify its external public address when adding it as a remote for a client:

    incus remote add <name> <IP_address>

When generating the token on the server, Incus includes a list of IP addresses that the client can use to access the server. However, if the server is behind NAT, these addresses might be local addresses that the client cannot connect to. In this case, you must specify the external address manually.

Alternatively, the clients can provide the token directly when adding the remote: `incus remote add <name> <token>`.

### Using a PKI system

In a PKI setup, a system administrator manages a central PKI that issues client certificates for all the Incus clients and server certificates for all the Incus daemons.

To enable PKI mode, complete the following steps:

1. Add the CA certificate to all machines:

   - Place the `client.ca` file in the clients’ configuration directories (`~/.config/incus`).

   - Place the `server.ca` file in the server’s configuration directory (`/var/lib/incus`).

2. Place the certificates issued by the CA on the clients and the server, replacing the automatically generated ones.

3. Restart the server.

In that mode, any connection to an Incus daemon will be done using the pre-seeded CA certificate.

If the server certificate isn’t signed by the CA, the connection will simply go through the normal authentication mechanism. If the server certificate is valid and signed by the CA, then the connection continues without prompting the user for the certificate.

Note that the generated certificates are not automatically trusted. You must still add them to the server in one of the ways described in Trusted TLS clients.

### Encrypting local keys

The `incus` client also supports encrypted client keys. Keys generated via the methods above can be encrypted with a password, using:

    ssh-keygen -p -o -f .config/incus/client.key

Note

Unless you enable `keepalive` mode, then every single call to Incus will cause the prompt which may get a bit annoying:

    $ incus list remote-host:
    Password for client.key:
    +------+-------+------+------+------+-----------+
    | NAME | STATE | IPV4 | IPV6 | TYPE | SNAPSHOTS |
    +------+-------+------+------+------+-----------+

Note

While the `incus` command line supports encrypted keys, tools such as Ansible’s connection plugin do not.

## OpenID Connect authentication

Incus supports using OpenID Connect to authenticate users through an OIDC Identity Provider.

Note

Authentication through OpenID Connect is supported, but there is no user role handling in place so far. Any user that authenticates through the configured OIDC Identity Provider gets full access to Incus.

To configure Incus to use OIDC authentication, set the `oidc.*` server configuration options. Your OIDC provider must be configured to enable the Device Authorization Grant type.

To add a remote pointing to an Incus server configured with OIDC authentication, run `incus remote add <remote_name> <remote_address>`. You are then prompted to authenticate through your web browser, where you must confirm the device code that Incus uses. The Incus client then retrieves and stores the access and refresh tokens and provides those to Incus for all interactions.

Important

Any user that authenticates through the configured OIDC Identity Provider gets full access to Incus. To restrict user access, you must also configure Authorization. Currently, the only authorization method that is compatible with OIDC is Open Fine-Grained Authorization (OpenFGA).

## TLS server certificate

Incus supports issuing server certificates using ACME services, for example, Let’s Encrypt.

To enable this feature, set the following server configuration:

- `acme.domain`: The domain for which the certificate should be issued.

- `acme.email`: The email address used for the account of the ACME service.

- `acme.agree_tos`: Must be set to `true` to agree to the ACME service’s terms of service.

- `acme.ca_url`: The directory URL of the ACME service. By default, Incus uses “Let’s Encrypt”.

For this feature to work, Incus must be reachable from port 80. This can be achieved by using a reverse proxy such as HAProxy.

Here’s a minimal HAProxy configuration that uses `incus.example.net` as the domain. After the certificate has been issued, Incus will be reachable from `https://incus.example.net/`.

    # Global configuration
    global
      log /dev/log local0
      chroot /var/lib/haproxy
      stats socket /run/haproxy/admin.sock mode 660 level admin
      stats timeout 30s
      user haproxy
      group haproxy
      daemon
      ssl-default-bind-options ssl-min-ver TLSv1.2
      tune.ssl.default-dh-param 2048
      maxconn 100000

    # Default settings
    defaults
      mode tcp
      timeout connect 5s
      timeout client 30s
      timeout client-fin 30s
      timeout server 120s
      timeout tunnel 6h
      timeout http-request 5s
      maxconn 80000

    # Default backend - Return HTTP 301 (TLS upgrade)
    backend http-301
      mode http
      redirect scheme https code 301

    # Default backend - Return HTTP 403
    backend http-403
      mode http
      http-request deny deny_status 403

    # HTTP dispatcher
    frontend http-dispatcher
      bind :80
      mode http

      # Backend selection
      tcp-request inspect-delay 5s

      # Dispatch
      default_backend http-403
      use_backend http-301 if { hdr(host) -i incus.example.net }

    # SNI dispatcher
    frontend sni-dispatcher
      bind :443
      mode tcp

      # Backend selection
      tcp-request inspect-delay 5s

      # require TLS
      tcp-request content reject unless { req.ssl_hello_type 1 }

      # Dispatch
      default_backend http-403
      use_backend incus-nodes if { req.ssl_sni -i incus.example.net }

    # Incus nodes
    backend incus-nodes
      mode tcp

      option tcp-check

      # Multiple servers should be listed when running a cluster
      server incus-node01 1.2.3.4:8443 check
      server incus-node02 1.2.3.5:8443 check
      server incus-node03 1.2.3.6:8443 check

## Failure scenarios

In the following scenarios, authentication is expected to fail.

### Server certificate changed

The server certificate might change in the following cases:

- The server was fully reinstalled and therefore got a new certificate.

- The connection is being intercepted (MITM).

In such cases, the client will refuse to connect to the server because the certificate fingerprint does not match the fingerprint in the configuration for this remote.

It is then up to the user to contact the server administrator to check if the certificate did in fact change. If it did, the certificate can be replaced by the new one, or the remote can be removed altogether and re-added.

### Server trust relationship revoked

The server trust relationship is revoked for a client if another trusted client or the local server administrator removes the trust entry for the client on the server.

In this case, the server still uses the same certificate, but all API calls return a 403 code with an error indicating that the client isn’t trusted.